God is not a Vulcan

According to classical theism, God is “without body, parts, or passions” (LBC 2.1). The real trick is understanding what the confessions meant by “passions.” It is typically taken to mean emotions. So what does classical theism make of the Bible’s language when it says “God so loved the world” or “Jacob I love but Esau I hated”? These are termed anthropopathisms. The word is strange but the concept is familiar. When the Psalms speak of God’s outstretched right arm, these are anthropomorphisms. God uses human physiology to explain something about himself. His “mighty right arm” is an accommodating term for his strength and power. It does not mean that God has a physical body since we know that God is spirit (Jn 4:24), what is happening is that God is communicating to us in a manner we can understand.

The notion, then, is that the same happens with God speaks of his love or hatred or anger. In using anthropopathisms he is explaining something about himself to us in term we can understand. Phil Johnson wrote a piece called “God Without Mood Swings” to take a shot at Open Theism’s moody god. This was my first real exposure to the doctrine of impassability and I wasn’t comfortable with it at the time. I’m still not.

When it comes to anthropomorphisms, we have John 4:24 and Luke 24:39 to tell us clearly that God is spirit and spirits do not have a body. What scriptures do we have to tell us that God does not have emotions? None that I’m aware of. What might be meant be better understood by the term “without passions” (whether the original framers of the confessions meant it so or not) is that God is not carried away by his emotions. When we are hit with a strong emotion we can be carried away and regret decisions we made and actions we took. God is not like that, since he is perfect he never makes mistakes and never has regrets.

Consider this on Johnathan Edwards’ view of how God relates to creation, “We can safely say that Edwards clearly left behind him the old classical theism’s Aristotelian concept of God as Unmoved Mover, who is absolutely impassable and unaffected by what happens in the world of space and time” (God’s Relation to the World, in The Princeton Companion to Jonathan Edwards, Sang Hyun Lee, 68). Now it could be that Lee is just plane old wrong. Wrong about either Edwards or Classical Theism. Though I am not familiar with how Classical Theism understood impassibility, I am sure Lee is correct on Edwards. When I took Systematic Theology with Kevin Vanhoozer, he explained impassability as God’s inability to suffer, not his inability to feel. Indeed, Johnson says the same thing.

However, Johnson takes Wayne Grudem to task in his paper for not being clear enough about God’s unchangeableness even though the part of Grudem’s Systematic Theology that Johnson cites comes right after Grudem’s lengthy explanation of how God does not change:

In fact, His joy, His wrath, His sorrow, His pity, His compassion, His delight, His love, his hatred–and all the other divine affections–epitomize the very perfection of all the heartfelt affections we know (albeit imperfectly) as humans. His affections are absent the ebb and flow of changeableness that we experience with human emotions, but they are real and powerful feelings nonetheless. To suggest that God is unfeeling is to mangle the intent of the doctrine of impassibility.

So when we discuss God’s impassability, we are not claiming that God does not feel. What is being affirmed is God’s immutability and his omniscience. He isn’t surprised by something unexpected that happens and suddenly carried away by his emotions. God does love and hate. He is pleased and angry. He is joyful and sorry.

Here is Edwards in his own words:

Nor does anything that has been advanced in the least suppose or infer that it does, or is it in the least inconsistent with the eternity, and most absolute immutability of God’s pleasure and happiness. For though these communications of God, these exercises, operation, effects, and expressions of his glorious perfections, which God rejoices in, are in time; yet his joy in them is without beginning or change. They were always equally present in the divine mind. He beheld them with equal clearness, certainty and fullness in every respect, as he doth now. They were always equally present, as with him there is not variableness or succession. He ever beheld and enjoyed them perfectly in his own independent and immutable power and will. And his view of, and joy in, them is eternally, absolutely perfect, unchangeable, and independent. (Edwards, The Ends for Which God Created the World)

You can see that Edwards held the truths of God’s immutability, his foreknowledge and his emotions all together without creating the god of the Open Theists as Johnson fears. I think I’ll side with Edwards (and Grudem!) on this one.

Sin and Digital Praise

Those folks who brought you the Christianized version of DDR are back with more!

This time its Light Warriors!

From the synopsis:

Angeltown is under attack! Maniac Brainiac and his band of menacing minions are out to control the minds of the children with worldly messages. Using a keen wit, quick reflexes and a good understanding of the Bible, help the Light Rangers mend this Maniac Madness and bring peace back to Angel town.

Here are some descriptions of the tasks that lie before you:

  • Through his Brain TV, Maniac Brainac is controlling the minds of the kids in Central Angeltown. The children are brain-washed into thinking the Bible has been proven to be false.
  • Vanna Vanity has placed prideful messages on billboards all around North Angeltown to influence the kids, now she’s throwing a party in her honor.
  • The situation in South Angeltown doesn’t look good. Kids are being selfish because Mimi Me has stolen their teddy bears; and now, they don’t want to share anything else because they’re afraid that they’ll lose those things too.

So what’s so wrong with this? Don’t we want our kids to believe the Bible and to not be vain or selfish? Of course we do. But what does this game teach them? We should have confidence in our Bibles because… What makes you vain and selfish is… You can resist those sins by…

The correct moral message is present but the answer is not. We can trust our Bibles not because we don’t watch TV but because they are God’s word to us. They are historically accurate and his faithful witness. We can resist selfishness not because we already have our Teddy Bears (how is that for being backwards moral reasoning!??!) but because in Jesus we have something better than a Teddy Bear, as great as a Teddy Bear is. We can resist vanity not because we don’t look at billboards but because we know that we are sinners undeserving of another moment of rebellious existance but preserved by God’s good grace. He is the center of the universe, not us.

The implicit message of this kind of thing, and really I think much of evangelicalism believes it without knowing it, is that our children are innocent and pure. Sin comes from outiside sources. I don’t know how we get this idea having had three children, I’ve seen how they behave and I know I never taught them that kind of stuff. No, we sin because we are sinners.

Oldest Church?

We need to take great care with these kinds of things until the archaeologists work through it all (remember the ossuary thought to be James’? Turned out to probably not be.)

Okay, with that in mind, recently what is believed to be the oldest church building was discovered in, of all places, Armageddon! That should give Jack Van Impe an aneurism or something.

Other inscriptions name a Roman army officer, Gaianus, who donated money to build the floor, and a woman called Ekoptos who “donated this table to the God Jesus Christ in commemoration”. The table is believed to have served as an altar.

Some of the rational for dating the building so early is because of the symbolism. There are no crosses but there are two fish in a circle. That could indicate an early date but then again, all they have is the floor of the building. Crosses might have been part of the decoration of the walls. Another interesting thing about the site is that a “table” was found that is presumed to be used for Communion. If that is true, then there is evidence that the early church (end of the 2nd century) did not refer to it as an altar. That could say something about early sacramentology and when the tradition of a sacrifice developed.

Also from the Guardian, “Some specialists remain sceptical about the latest discovery. ‘I think this is a little myth to boost tourism,” said Michel Piccirillo, a respected biblical archaeologist. “The idea that it is ancient comes from the pottery and the shape of the letters on the inscriptions, but this is not definitive.'” Yea, well if it is a little “myth to boost tourism” then they really blew it. “Unfortunately for Israel’s beleaguered tourism industry, the find was made behind the walls of one of the country’s maximum security prisons.” So much for boosting tourism in Israel. Oh well, the prison can always be moved, right?

(HT: Joe Thorn)

Jesus’ Descent into Hell

Though Calvin recognized that the phrase “he descended into hell” in the Apostle’s Creed was “once not so much used in the churches,” (Institutes, 2.16.8) he believed that it was an appropriate and necessary phrase. However, he comes short of actually saying that Jesus descended into hell. He says “it was expedient at the same time for him to undergo the severity of God’s vengeance, to appease his wrath and satisfy his just judgment.” (Institutes, 2.16.10) This could be understood to be in agreement with the Heidelberg Catechism, Question 44 which places Jesus’ experience of hell on the cross, not in the grave. In the Institutes Calvin is sufficiently vague in discussing the order of the events of Jesus’ death so that interpretation remains a possibility: “Christ suffered in the sight of men, and then [the Creed] appositely speaks of that invisible and incomprehensible judgment which he underwent in the sight of God.”

Instead, I believe that it is better to simply omit the phrase from the Creed since a) it is not Biblical and b) it is missing from the earliest forms of the Creed. I think Wayne Grudem in his Systematic Theology may be on to something when he points out that the phrase originally was understood to mean that Jesus descended into the grave and that when various versions of the Creed were put together we wound up with the unfortunate situation of having the synonymous phrases “buried” and “descended into hell” side by side in the Creed. This required a redefinition of the later as the church struggled to keep the various versions intact while creating a standard text.

Here are some texts adduced to support Jesus’ descent into hell:

1 Peter 3:19-20 – The idea is that Jesus descended to hell to preach to those who died before he came. However, it may be better to understand that Jesus, through Noah, preached to those who were disobedient while Noah built the ark and those people are now in prison because they did not listen to Jesus. The problem with taking this to mean all who died before Christ is that the scope of this text is really only those who in Noah’s day.

Ephesians 4:9-10 – Hell does not seem to be in sight in this verse at all. There are a few different interpretations that are more viable. It could be that Jesus descended, not to hell but to the grave. Jesus descended into the abode of the dead (Sheol in the OT) and as he rose from the dead he lead the elect dead to heaven. This need not be taken chronologically but might be logically. Elsewhere Jesus is the “firstborn from the dead” (Col. 1:18).

Another view is that Jesus descended not in to hell but simply descended to the earth. The “lower parts” is meant to indicate that he really did come to earth, not to the high and lofty position but that he came as a poor and humble man. What this interpretation has in mind is the phrase from Eph 4:8 that “he led a host of captives, and he gave gifts to men.” Here Jesus came to earth, completed his ministry and ascended to heaven. In that work he won a people to himself and gives spiritual gifts to them. That is the gift of salvation as well as spiritual gifts.

These other interpretations weaken the Biblical data that might support Jesus descent into hell. Couple that with Jesus’ own statement from the cross that the thief crucified next to him that “this day” he would be with him in paradise and that he said “it is finished” and we see no need for him to descend into hell for three days at all.

Anne Rice: Darkness to Light?

Anne Rice has practically created the Vampire genre with her novels. “Interview with a Vampire” was even made into a movie. (One that helped propel young Kirsten Dunst’s career.) Rice’s work has been a tremendous draw for the Goth crowd.

A few years ago her writing slowed down. In 1998 she returned to the Roman Catholic Church as she moved from atheism to faith. Her newest book, first in a series, is called “Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt“. She’s decided to write a fictionalize, first-person account of Jesus’ life.

At first, I was very skeptical. After reading an interview (free registration required) with Rice in the Chicago Trib, I now just skeptical.

Here are some quotes that backed me off from “very” skeptical:

Q. You write that, based on your reading of a lot of biblical studies, many scholars actually dislike Jesus. Why do you think this is?

A. I think Bible scholarship — skeptical Bible scholarship — started in earnest in the 18th Century, and it started on the premise that Jesus is not God. Many of the Bible scholars I read are skeptical, age-of-reason-type people, trying to show that the Gospels, in their view, don’t make sense, and there were no miracles, no virgin birth. It’s no more than a set of opinions, a set of opinions that have a skeptical worldview. It claims to be science, but what’s being used is a lot of speculation. There’s a huge bias to it.

I examined all these arguments and found them to be very shallow and very flimsy and assumptions built on assumptions built on assumptions. This is a field where everything is mixed up — religion, history, politics — and people have strong feelings, and often irrational feelings. The skeptics, I found, are as irrational as any religious person might seem.

She is spot on here!

Q. You write about your obsession with Jesus. How deep is that obsession? And just how obsessed are you?

A. I am totally obsessed. It’s a wonderful obsession. It’s having a subject that will never let you down. There’s no end to what you can study and ponder and learn. I’ve never felt this way in my life. Before, my writing was often so exquisitely painful. This is totally different. I feel totally transformed.

Almost sounds like Christian Hedonism. She is correct, we cannot exhaust our understanding of Jesus. The one word that is missing here is “love”. It is possible to be obsessed with something and not love it.

One last positive quote:

Q. Do you have a sense of what ripples this book will cause?

A. My hope is that it makes Jesus real to people who haven’t thought about him or ever seriously considered believing in him literally.

Wouldn’t that be great! I hope that God uses Anne’s books to awaken many, especially those in the Goth crowd.

However, all is not rosy. Here is the quote that troubles me:

Q. You write of using the Infancy Gospel of Thomas to help you think about the powers Jesus had as a child — the sparrows you have him creating out of lumps of clay, the playmate he kills without realizing what he’s doing. And there’s the snowball scene in which Joseph thinks the snow came because Jesus prayed for it, and he says, “No! I didn’t do it. Did I?” Did you have fun writing that?

A. It was fun. It also took a great amount of courage, and all that studying. I drenched myself in research. I read over and over and over again all the stories in the Bible. A lot of thought went into it.

The Gospel of Thomas is a Gnostic writing. I read it in college and it is pretty bad. The fact that Rice not only read it, but mirrored it in her book is troubling. I would rather have her simply make some stuff up than reference to a work that is false and tries to pass itself off as authentic. “The Da Vinci Code” appeals to The Gospel of Thomas as well. Neither of which are historically accurate. Another book by a popular writer that gives a tip of the hat to it may serve to only make it that much more popular!

In the end, we’ll have to wait and see when the book comes out how well it does. If it is popular enough we can probably count on a major motion picture.

To Be the Church

As I have listened to the news, especially special reports on NPR, I have hear a word repeatedly come up and yet have not heard it commented on: church. As reporters visit shelters, they are often visiting churches. As unofficial clean up crews go out and remove trees from houses and clear debris, it is often church groups doing it. I have heard from many churches in this area who are sending not just money, but people to the affected areas just to help. It reminded me of something I read in the Bible this morning: “And let our people learn to devote themselves to good works, so as to help cases of urgent need, and not be unfruitful” (Titus 3:14). The context doesn’t seem to limit this to just the church, it doesn’t set any boundaries on the urgent need.

“And let our people learn to devote themselves to good works, so as to help cases of urgent need, and not be unfruitful” (Titus 3:14)

The world can argue with our theology. The can make a mockery of the notion of creation (isn’t evolution a fact?) and wince at the word ‘sin’. They can depict Christians as bubble-headed holier-than-thous on TV (Ned Flanders and Rev. Lovejoy on The Simpsons). But when we show up en masse to take a tree off their roof and cover the hole with a tarp, asking nothing in return, what do they say then? “Hi, we’re from XYZ Church and we were told you needed some help.” How can you argue with that?

I have been praying that as people from New Orleans and the other affected areas encounter Christians in a way they have never encountered them before, that God will use it to open their eyes and change their minds. May it be that He would awaken many and begin to stir repentance in them. May they consider Christianity as more than a political movement or a laughably naive world view. May they see the church as the church. And may God grant that we do a good job being who we are.

A View from the Side Lines

Conservativecon·ser·va·tive
adj.

  1. Favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change.
  2. Traditional or restrained in style: a conservative dark suit.
  3. Moderate; cautious: a conservative estimate.

n.

  1. One favoring traditional views and values.
  2. A supporter of political conservatism.

Radicalrad·i·cal
adj.

  1. Arising from or going to a root or source;
  2. Departing markedly from the usual or customary;
  3. Favoring or effecting fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions, or institutions

n.

  1. One who advocates fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions, or institutions: radicals seeking to overthrow the social order.

Harry Reid: “The nomination of Judge Alito requires an especially long, hard look by the Senate because of what happened last week to Harriet Miers. Conservative activists forced Miers to withdraw from consideration for this same Supreme Court seat because she was not radical enough for them. Now the Senate needs to find out if the man replacing Miers is too radical for the American people.”

Technically speaking, isn’t a “radical conservative” an oxymoron? Didn’t Reid probably mean “militant” or something?

Jesus’ Impeccability?

Could Jesus have sinned? This is a most difficult question. If Jesus could not sin, was he really “tempted as we are” (Heb 4:15)? His human nature was indeed tempted to sin but he never did. Had he sinned, he could not atone for our sins. Grudem, in chapter 26 of his Systematic Theology reminds us that the scriptures go only so far on this issue and we must take care in formulating our answer. We must affirm that Jesus was tempted and that God cannot be tempted (James 1:13). Any answer to this question must be honest to both of these truths.

It seems to me that Jesus’ human nature, being truly human, could be tempted to sin. Yet, since he lacked inherited guilt, he remained free to choose not to sin. Since his human and divine natures are perfectly united in him, his divine nature would have constrained his humanity to not sin. This is not a conflict within the persons or the wills of Jesus, this is Jesus human nature doing what humanity should do: depend upon God for strength in the face of temptation. Could he have sinned? No, he was doing what a perfect human would do: trusting in God. Was he truly tempted to sin? Yes, his human nature, being what it is was was weak in relation to temptation but was strong in the power of the Lord.

Christianized Family Fun!

While we may lament that the Billy Graham iPod is not a reality, we are not without hope. My kids love Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) on the XBox. Personally, I’m all for it. They play video games and get exercise. What’s not to love?

Well, its all that darned secular music! I mean we’ve done all this work creating a cleaned up subculture mirroring the dominate culture, we need to put it to work. We need to clean that up so our children can safely hop up and down on a pad to the beat.

We evangelicals don’t like to work real hard at discernment, we’d rather pay someone else to do it for us. And so I present to you Dance Praise from Digital Praise.

The lyrics are “wholesome” though perhaps theologically vacuous. Maybe even wrong. Who knows? Who cares? We got a sanitized DDR and we’re happy about it!

So, come on, offer God your praise to up-tempo Christian pop music while jumping on a plastic pad connected to your computer!

But wait! There’s more! Digital Praise (“Glorifying God Through Interactive Media”) is giving a special offer to church youth groups and homeschool families. You can get two pads and have head-to-head worship-downs!

Harriet Miers Splits

WASHINGTON, D.C. (OIC News) – Embattled Supreme Court nominee Harriet Miers withdrew from the confirmation process. “No, I don’t want to be just friends” Ms. Miers said slamming the Congressional screen door behind her as she stormed off the porch at the Capital building. She avoided questions and cameras as she entered her rusted 1993 Dodge Omni and sped down the gravel driveway.

President Bush, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said, “I really hoped this would work out for them. I don’t think there is any getting back together now.” Vice President Cheney dabbed a tear from the President’s eye, “She’s tough,” he said, “she’ll bounce back.”

In related news, the collective sigh of relief from across the nation created a large low pressure zone that has since spawned tropical storm Gamma which is now the threatening eastern seaboard.